Moraine Research · Ninth edition

How Amazon builds its U.S. logistics network

The real estate behind Amazon’s U.S. logistics network: 620M SF in 1,187 buildings, who owns them, where they are, and how each building type is sized and sited. Built from CoStar property data joined to OSHA filings for 1,399 operating sites, Amazon’s 10-K and landlord filings.

By Jeff Axelrod, Moraine Research Data as of September 30, 2026
Key findings Explore the map
Amazon-occupied industrial space in 1,187 U.S. buildings (CoStar)
620M SF
Operating sites filing with OSHA, 2025
1,399
Share CoStar records as Amazon-owned
13.9%
Share built in 2020 or later (CoStar)
58%

Key findings

What Amazon’s U.S. logistics real estate looks like

  1. 01 620M SF in 1,187 Amazon-occupied U.S. industrial buildings (CoStar)

    CoStar counts about 100M SF more Amazon space than Amazon’s own 10-K category, which also covers Canada, Mexico and data centers.

    Amazon reports 474.1M SF leased and 45.8M SF owned in North America for “fulfillment, data centers, and other”. CoStar counts every building it lists Amazon in at full size, including 165 multi-tenant buildings.

    See the evidence
  2. 02 28% vs 11% delivery stations’ share of sites vs share of space

    Delivery stations are the most numerous site type; fulfillment buildings hold most of the space.

    Delivery stations are 28% of the 1,399 sites that filed with OSHA for 2025 but 11% of the space at operating sites. Fulfillment and heavy-bulky buildings hold 63%.

    See the evidence
  3. 03 13.9% of Amazon-occupied space CoStar records as Amazon-owned (an upper bound; see How big)

    By CoStar’s record, Amazon owns its biggest buildings and leases the rest from hundreds of landlords.

    CoStar records Amazon as owner of 18.4% of its fulfillment and heavy-bulky space and 3.9% of its last-mile space; its owned buildings have a median of 675k SF against 278k SF for the rest. Prologis is the largest landlord (50.8M SF) and the 10 largest hold 28.7%.

    See the evidence
  4. 04 161k SF on 19 ac median delivery station: building on its site

    Delivery stations are small buildings on large sites; sortable fulfillment centers built since 2021 are multistory.

    The median delivery station covers 19% of its site; the rest is yard and parking. Sortable fulfillment centers built since 2021 are a median 2.8M SF over 5 stories, against 856k SF on one level for the 2018–20 generation.

    See the evidence
  5. 05 58% of Amazon-occupied space was built in 2020 or later

    Each building type arrived in its own wave, and labor is moving toward inbound and sort buildings.

    Delivery stations arrived mostly in 2020–21, inbound cross-docks in 2024 and rural stations in 2024–25. From 2023 to 2025 inbound cross-docks rose from 7.7% to 9.9% of Amazon’s OSHA hours and sort centers from 5.8% to 7.5%.

    See the evidence

Interactive map

Every Amazon building and operating site, mapped

Every Amazon-occupied building CoStar records and every site that files with OSHA, by building type.5,1,2,11 Replay the build-out from 2016 to 2025 (and record it as a clip), take the guided story, enter a ZIP code to see the nearest Amazon delivery station, fulfillment center and sort center, or color the map by landlord. Filter by type, size, year built and owner, compare metros side by side, share any metro as an image card, and export the buildings you select to CSV; the totals tie to this page. Every view has its own link, and the map can be embedded.

Building data: Source: CoStar. Dots sit on building footprints (Overture Maps) where matched; no street addresses or personal contact data. Open the map full screen ↗
The 69 buildings Amazon ownsThe 97 Amazon-occupied buildings Prologis ownsThe 2020–21 delivery-station wave: 127 buildingsDelivery-station sales: 138 recorded single-asset sales210 buildings of 1 million SF or moreInland Empire vs. Los Angeles: 78 buildings, side by sideThe New York metro: 75 buildings

01 · How big

How much warehouse space does Amazon have?

619.5M SF in 1,187 U.S. buildings by CoStar’s count; 519.9M SF by Amazon’s own, on a different basis. CoStar lists every existing U.S. industrial building with Amazon as an occupant, data centers excluded, plus 36 buildings (33M SF) under construction or proposed.5 Amazon’s 2025 10-K reports 474.1M SF leased and 45.8M SF owned in North America (the U.S., Canada and Mexico) for “fulfillment, data centers, and other”, a category that includes data centers and leaves out space Amazon has subleased.17

CoStar’s U.S. count is 99.6M SF larger even though Amazon’s covers three countries and data centers. Three differences show in the data, though none can be sized against the gap. CoStar counts each building in full, including 165 multi-tenant buildings (50.3M SF) where Amazon may occupy only part. It still lists Amazon in 89 buildings (23.3M SF) at sites that no longer file with OSHA, some likely stale tenant records. And it records multistory buildings inconsistently: 115 buildings with two or more stories hold 25.4% of the space, some entered at total floor area and some near their footprint (see the cases). CoStar’s ownership count runs high too. It names Amazon as owner of 86.1M SF, 1.9× the 45.8M SF Amazon reports owning in all of North America, data centers included. Stale owner records after sale-leasebacks, floor-area counting and ground leases could each explain part of it; read CoStar’s 13.9% owned share as an upper bound.

Exhibit 1 Three ways to count Amazon’s space TakeawayCoStar counts buildings Amazon occupies; the 10-K counts space Amazon leases or owns, data centers included. Million SF. The 10-K figures include data centers; the CoStar figure excludes them.

Million SF, three perimeters

  1. CoStar: Amazon-occupied industrial buildings (U.S.) 619.5M SF
  2. 10-K: “fulfillment, data centers, and other”, North America 519.9M SF
  3. 10-K: same category, International 206.5M SF

Sources: CoStar (Source: CoStar); Amazon 2025 Form 10-K, Item 2 (Dec. 31, 2025). Moraine comparison.

View data table
BasisMillion SFDefinition
CoStar: Amazon-occupied industrial buildings (U.S.)619.51,187 existing U.S. buildings, data centers excluded, full building RBA. Source: CoStar.
10-K: “fulfillment, data centers, and other”, North America519.9474.1M SF leased + 45.8M owned, Dec. 31, 2025; includes data centers, Canada and Mexico; leased excludes subleased space.
10-K: same category, International206.5185.8M SF leased + 20.7M owned. Not in any U.S. figure in this report.

02 · How the network works

How does Amazon’s logistics network fit together?

Freight enters at inbound cross-docks, is stored and picked in fulfillment centers, is sorted by destination in sort centers and leaves on vans from delivery stations.12,3 Amazon ran 1,399 sites that filed OSHA summaries for 2025. Delivery stations are 28% of them, yet at operating sites fulfillment and heavy-bulky buildings hold 63% of the square footage and delivery stations 11%.5,1

Buildings from CoStar, operations from OSHA. CoStar records each building’s size, land, clear height, docks, year built, status, owners and recorded sales. OSHA Form 300A filings show whether a site filed for a year, when it first filed, and its headcount and hours. We match each CoStar building to the OSHA site it serves to get its type. 239 buildings (138.3M SF) have no OSHA match and 120 (36.7M SF) sit at sites that stopped or never filed, so they count in totals and metro figures but not in building-type figures. Types are partly unresolved: “Fulfillment, other” and “Other or unresolved” hold 23.3% of 2025 hours, and Amazon Warehousing & Distribution storage sites are not typed separately in either source.
Exhibit 2a How goods move through Amazon’s U.S. network TakeawayLast-mile sites are the most numerous; fulfillment sites log most of the hours. Operating sites by type, 2025. Meters show each type’s share of 2025 OSHA hours on one scale.
Vendors & imports
01 · Receive Inbound 53 sites · 9.9% of hours
  • Inbound cross-dock 53
02 · Store & pick Fulfillment 300 fulfillment-class sites · 58.8% of hours, plus 39 heavy-bulky (0.9%)
  • Fulfillment, sortable 84
  • Fulfillment, non-sortable 93
  • Fulfillment, other 123
  • Heavy-bulky (XL) 39
03 · Sort by destination Middle mile 162 sites · 7.5% of hours
  • Sort center 162
04 · Deliver Last mile 699 sites · 15.5% of hours
  • Delivery station 392
  • Rural delivery station 192
  • Same-day site 115
Customer

Air Amazon Air is centered on its Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky hub (CVG): an 800k SF sort building on a 600-acre campus, linked to 40+ airports at its 2021 launch. It has no OSHA filing under a hub code, so it is not counted above; regional air gateways are not counted separately.

Sources: OSHA ITA CY2025 and Amazon’s June 2025 facility list; roles from Amazon and On the Seams. Type is a site-code hint where Amazon’s list gives none.

Exhibit 2b. Amazon’s U.S. network by building type, 2025
TypeOperating sites2025 employeesShare of 2025 hoursMedian CoStar buildingRole
Inbound cross-dock5380,9459.9%1,000k SFReceives vendor and import freight; replenishes fulfillment centers
Fulfillment, sortable84256,98332.9%880k SFStores, picks and packs small items, often with robotics
Fulfillment, non-sortable9378,06110.0%1,016k SFStores and ships bulky items
Fulfillment, other123148,15915.9%612k SFFulfillment-class codes without a list type
Heavy-bulky (XL)397,6660.9%860k SFStores and delivers appliances and furniture
Sort center16275,4867.5%275k SFSorts packed orders by destination for trucks and carriers
Delivery station392110,62812.3%161k SFSorts packages onto van routes for the last mile
Rural delivery station19224,4901.4%69k SFLast mile for small towns; program from 2020
Same-day site11518,2661.8%161k SFStores fast-moving items and delivers same day
Other or unresolved14672,8387.4%n/aSpecialty, grocery and unresolved codes
Air hub (CVG)1 hub, 40+ airportsn/an/a800k SF sort buildingNational air sort; not in OSHA data

Sources: OSHA ITA and Amazon’s June 2025 list; median building from CoStar (Source: CoStar); air hub from Amazon.13,28

Exhibit 2c Share of sites, building square footage and labor hours by type TakeawayDelivery stations lead the site count; fulfillment centers hold most of the space and the hours. Same types, same colors, three measures. Right: people per 100,000 SF. Space covers sites with a matched CoStar building, a minority of rural and same-day sites (see table).
  • Inbound cross-dock
  • Fulfillment, sortable
  • Fulfillment, non-sortable
  • Fulfillment, other
  • Heavy-bulky (XL)
  • Sort center
  • Delivery station
  • Same-day site
  • Rural delivery station
  • Other or unresolved

Share of operating sites (OSHA)

Share of building square footage (CoStar)

Share of 2025 labor hours (OSHA)

Fulfillment and heavy-bulky buildings are 24% of sites, 63% of the space and 60% of the hours; delivery stations are 28% of sites and 11% of the space. Square footage here covers the 444.6M SF CoStar records at buildings matched to operating sites; another 138.3M SF of Amazon buildings has no OSHA match and 36.7M SF sits at sites that do not file with OSHA (stopped or never filed).

Labor intensity: 2025 employees per 100,000 SF

  1. Fulfillment, sortable 216
  2. Rural delivery station 202
  3. Inbound cross-dock 188
  4. Fulfillment, other 150
  5. Delivery station 145
  6. Sort center 134
  7. Fulfillment, non-sortable 87
  8. Heavy-bulky (XL) 42
  9. Same-day site 41

The sortable fulfillment center is the densest building Amazon runs, consistent with its robotics floors; heavy-bulky and same-day boxes hold goods with few people.

Source: CoStar (building SF), matched to sites by Moraine; OSHA ITA CY2025 (sites, employees, hours).

View data table
TypeOperating sitesSites with a matched buildingCoStar buildingsBuilding SF (CoStar)Median buildingShare of 2025 hoursEmployees per 100k SF
Inbound cross-dock5336 (68%)3630.7M1,000k9.9%188
Fulfillment, sortable8479 (94%)79111.0M880k32.9%216
Fulfillment, non-sortable9384 (90%)8481.3M1,016k10%87
Fulfillment, other12386 (70%)8676.1M612k15.9%150
Heavy-bulky (XL)3918 (46%)1813.6M860k0.9%42
Sort center162114 (70%)11441.0M275k7.5%134
Delivery station392285 (73%)28551.1M161k12.3%145
Same-day site11543 (37%)437.2M161k1.8%41
Rural delivery station19234 (18%)342.7M69k1.4%202
Other or unresolved14649 (34%)4929.8M450k7.4%148

03 · How it grew

When did Amazon build each part of the network?

Amazon built in waves, one building type at a time. 275 of today’s 392 delivery stations first filed with OSHA in 2020–21; 25 of 53 inbound cross-docks first filed in 2024; and 144 of 192 rural stations in 2024–25, in line with Amazon’s plan for more than 200.1,4 First filing is not an opening date: electronic OSHA filing began with the 2016–17 summaries, so sites that already existed first appear then.

Building slowed sharply after the 2021 peak. CoStar shows 105.5M SF of Amazon-occupied space completed in 2021, 71.9M in 2022 and 46M in 2023, and the public record from 2022 on logs 23 planned projects dropped and 28 openings delayed.5,11

Labor hours are shifting too. From 2023 to 2025 inbound cross-docks rose from 7.7% to 9.9% of Amazon’s OSHA hours and sort centers from 5.8% to 7.5%, while sortable and non-sortable fulfillment fell from 46.6% to 42.9%.1,3 CoStar lists 36 Amazon buildings (33M SF) under construction, proposed or in final planning.5

Exhibit 3a Today’s operating sites by the year they first filed with OSHA TakeawayEach building type arrived in its own wave. One shared scale. 2016–17 counts include sites that opened earlier, when electronic filing began.

Delivery station 392

139 ’16 ’20 ’25

275 of 392 first filed in 2020–21

Rural delivery station 192

94 ’16 ’20 ’25

144 of 192 first filed in 2024–25

Inbound cross-dock 53

25 ’16 ’20 ’25

25 of 53 first filed in 2024

Sort center 162

41 ’16 ’20 ’25

Steady build since 2021

Same-day site 115

44 ’16 ’20 ’25

Two waves: 2020 and 2022

Fulfillment, sortable 84

25 ’16 ’20 ’25

Mostly in place before 2022

Source: OSHA ITA CY2016–CY2025, first filing year of each site operating in 2025.

View data table
Type2016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Inbound cross-dock07125426251
Fulfillment, sortable025111114132341
Fulfillment, non-sortable0412718202300
Fulfillment, other143131323814413
Heavy-bulky (XL)000058141101
Sort center01009174121242515
Delivery station04122413913615232118
Same-day site01203074413711
Rural delivery station000021023135094
Other or unresolved155421242783021
Exhibit 3b Share of Amazon OSHA hours by type, 2023 vs. 2025 TakeawayLabor share is moving to inbound and middle-mile buildings; fulfillment centers are losing share of the hours. Sorted by change.
  1. Inbound cross-dock +2.2
  2. Sort center +1.7
  3. Rural delivery station +0.8
  4. Same-day site +0.3
  5. Heavy-bulky (XL) 0.0
  6. Delivery station −0.2
  7. Other or unresolved −0.4
  8. Fulfillment, other −0.8
  9. Fulfillment, sortable −1.8
  10. Fulfillment, non-sortable −1.9

Source: OSHA ITA CY2023 and CY2025, Moraine facility dataset (the 1,513 facility records with 2023–25 hours).

View data table
Type202320242025Change, pts
Inbound cross-dock7.7%9.9%9.9%+2.2
Fulfillment, sortable34.7%32.6%32.9%−1.8
Fulfillment, non-sortable11.9%10.7%10.0%−1.9
Fulfillment, other16.7%16.9%15.9%−0.8
Heavy-bulky (XL)0.9%0.9%0.9%0.0
Sort center5.8%6.9%7.5%+1.7
Delivery station12.5%12.2%12.3%−0.2
Same-day site1.5%1.8%1.8%+0.3
Rural delivery station0.6%0.7%1.4%+0.8
Other or unresolved7.8%7.5%7.4%−0.4

04 · Where it is

Where does Amazon put its buildings?

Fulfillment and inbound space concentrates in hub markets; the big coastal cities are served mostly by last-mile buildings. Riverside–San Bernardino has 31.1M SF in 41 buildings, 6.6 SF per resident; next door, Los Angeles has 48 operating sites but 7.8M SF, 0.6 per resident.5,1,8,9 New York has the second-most space (26.6M SF) at 1.3 SF per resident. Against the U.S. rate of 1.82 SF per resident, we classify metros at twice that or more as regional hubs and those under two-thirds of it as served largely from outside (Moraine classification).

54% of Americans live within 10 miles of an operating Amazon last-mile site and 93% within 50.1,6 Most sites sit close to the interstates: three of four core building types have about 80% of sites within 3 miles of an interstate; rural stations (53%) and heavy-bulky buildings (56%) are the exceptions.1,7

Exhibit 4a Amazon’s space and building mix in 101 U.S. metros TakeawayHub metros hold fulfillment and inbound space; the largest coastal metros hold mostly last-mile buildings. Every metro with 3+ Amazon buildings or operating sites. Bars show CoStar building SF by the type of its matched site; gray is space not matched to an operating site. Click a metro for its full mix.
  • Inbound cross-dock
  • Fulfillment, sortable
  • Fulfillment, non-sortable
  • Fulfillment, other
  • Heavy-bulky (XL)
  • Sort center
  • Delivery station
  • Same-day site
  • Rural delivery station
  • Other or unresolved
  • Not matched / non-filing
  1. Riverside, CA Regional hub 31.1M 41 6.6 +13%

    Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA · 4.7M people · 41 Amazon buildings, 31.1M SF (CoStar) · 48 operating sites, 16.8 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 7 6.7M SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 4 2.6M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 5 4.4M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 7 3.0M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 3 2.1M SF
    • Sort center 7 1.7M SF
    • Delivery station 5 357k SF
    • Same-day site 2 not in CoStar
    • Other or unresolved 8 1.0M SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 9.2M SF
    See the Riverside, CA metro on the map ↗
  2. New York, NY Local 26.6M 75 1.3 +4%

    New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ · 19.9M people · 75 Amazon buildings, 26.6M SF (CoStar) · 400k SF under construction or proposed · 112k SF listed for sublease · 72 operating sites, 3.1 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 1 not in CoStar
    • Fulfillment, sortable 4 3.1M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 1 not in CoStar
    • Fulfillment, other 8 2.2M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 954k SF
    • Sort center 5 1.6M SF
    • Delivery station 36 4.7M SF
    • Same-day site 7 476k SF
    • Other or unresolved 9 434k SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 13.2M SF
    See the New York, NY metro on the map ↗
  3. Dallas, TX Local 26.1M 38 3.1 −4%

    Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX · 8.3M people · 38 Amazon buildings, 26.1M SF (CoStar) · 934k SF under construction or proposed · 36 operating sites, 6.0 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 2 1.5M SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 3 4.5M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 3 3.7M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 6 3.2M SF
    • Sort center 7 1.6M SF
    • Delivery station 10 1.5M SF
    • Same-day site 4 207k SF
    • Other or unresolved 1 1.1M SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 8.8M SF
    See the Dallas, TX metro on the map ↗
  4. Chicago, IL Local 22.5M 47 2.4 +15%

    Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN · 9.4M people · 47 Amazon buildings, 22.5M SF (CoStar) · 1.2M SF under construction or proposed · 100k SF listed for sublease · 58 operating sites, 5.8 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 3 2.6M SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 1 1.4M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 6 5.3M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 6 2.3M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 629k SF
    • Sort center 7 1.5M SF
    • Delivery station 13 2.4M SF
    • Same-day site 5 254k SF
    • Rural delivery station 1 not in CoStar
    • Other or unresolved 15 2.5M SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 3.6M SF
    See the Chicago, IL metro on the map ↗
  5. Phoenix, AZ Regional hub 19.9M 35 3.8 +5%

    Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ · 5.2M people · 35 Amazon buildings, 19.9M SF (CoStar) · 32 operating sites, 7.6 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 5 2.3M SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 2 3.5M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 2 2.1M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 5 3.2M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 1.1M SF
    • Sort center 6 1.2M SF
    • Delivery station 8 1.3M SF
    • Same-day site 2 not in CoStar
    • Rural delivery station 1 not in CoStar
    • Not matched / non-filing 5.1M SF
    See the Phoenix, AZ metro on the map ↗
  6. Philadelphia, PA Local 18.9M 37 3.0 +6%

    Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD · 6.3M people · 37 Amazon buildings, 18.9M SF (CoStar) · 98k SF listed for sublease · 38 operating sites, 6.7 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 1 614k SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 2 1.7M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 4 3.4M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 3 846k SF
    • Sort center 6 2.3M SF
    • Delivery station 12 1.7M SF
    • Same-day site 2 317k SF
    • Other or unresolved 8 3.8M SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 4.4M SF
    See the Philadelphia, PA metro on the map ↗
  7. Atlanta, GA Local 14.0M 23 2.2 +2%

    Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA · 6.4M people · 23 Amazon buildings, 14.0M SF (CoStar) · 3.5M SF under construction or proposed · 23 operating sites, 3.9 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 1 not in CoStar
    • Fulfillment, sortable 1 2.7M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 5 1.9M SF
    • Sort center 4 2.2M SF
    • Delivery station 6 787k SF
    • Same-day site 3 159k SF
    • Other or unresolved 3 517k SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 5.7M SF
    See the Atlanta, GA metro on the map ↗
  8. Seattle, WA Local 13.9M 32 3.3 +47%

    Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA · 4.1M people · 32 Amazon buildings, 13.9M SF (CoStar) · 40 operating sites, 6.7 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, sortable 3 1.9M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 2 1.4M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 3 3.6M SF
    • Sort center 5 473k SF
    • Delivery station 8 1.1M SF
    • Same-day site 4 298k SF
    • Rural delivery station 1 not in CoStar
    • Other or unresolved 14 244k SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 4.8M SF
    See the Seattle, WA metro on the map ↗
  9. Detroit, MI Local 11.8M 15 2.7 +10%

    Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI · 4.4M people · 15 Amazon buildings, 11.8M SF (CoStar) · 312k SF under construction or proposed · 19 operating sites, 6.4 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, sortable 2 1.9M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 2 2.0M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 500k SF
    • Sort center 2 835k SF
    • Delivery station 9 514k SF
    • Same-day site 3 not in CoStar
    • Not matched / non-filing 6.0M SF
    See the Detroit, MI metro on the map ↗
  10. Houston, TX Local 11.6M 24 1.5 +8%

    Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX · 7.8M people · 24 Amazon buildings, 11.6M SF (CoStar) · 24 operating sites, 3.7 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 1 629k SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 2 4.6M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 2 1.6M SF
    • Sort center 3 662k SF
    • Delivery station 8 1.2M SF
    • Same-day site 6 240k SF
    • Other or unresolved 2 437k SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 2.4M SF
    See the Houston, TX metro on the map ↗
  11. Columbus, OH Regional hub 10.8M 16 4.9 +8%

    Columbus, OH · 2.2M people · 16 Amazon buildings, 10.8M SF (CoStar) · 35k SF listed for sublease · 11 operating sites, 9.3 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, sortable 3 1.7M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 1 937k SF
    • Fulfillment, other 1 544k SF
    • Sort center 1 164k SF
    • Delivery station 3 297k SF
    • Rural delivery station 1 not in CoStar
    • Other or unresolved 1 227k SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 7.0M SF
    See the Columbus, OH metro on the map ↗
  12. Stockton, CA Regional hub 10.4M 13 12.7 +14%

    Stockton-Lodi, CA · 816k people · 13 Amazon buildings, 10.4M SF (CoStar) · 1.2M SF under construction or proposed · 13 operating sites, 33.3 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 4 2.8M SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 1 824k SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 3 2.9M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 1 851k SF
    • Sort center 2 755k SF
    • Delivery station 1 91k SF
    • Same-day site 1 not in CoStar
    • Not matched / non-filing 2.2M SF
    See the Stockton, CA metro on the map ↗
  13. Indianapolis, IN Regional hub 10.1M 15 4.6 +2%

    Indianapolis-Carmel-Greenwood, IN · 2.2M people · 15 Amazon buildings, 10.1M SF (CoStar) · 16 operating sites, 12.3 OSHA hours per resident

    • Inbound cross-dock 2 616k SF
    • Fulfillment, sortable 1 1.0M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 2 1.9M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 1 1.3M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 530k SF
    • Sort center 1 331k SF
    • Delivery station 3 200k SF
    • Same-day site 1 not in CoStar
    • Other or unresolved 4 1.8M SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 2.3M SF
    See the Indianapolis, IN metro on the map ↗
  14. San Antonio, TX Local 8.7M 12 3.1 +26%

    San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX · 2.8M people · 12 Amazon buildings, 8.7M SF (CoStar) · 10 operating sites, 4.2 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, sortable 1 3.8M SF
    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 2 2.3M SF
    • Sort center 4 1.1M SF
    • Delivery station 3 666k SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 777k SF
    See the San Antonio, TX metro on the map ↗
  15. Memphis, TN Regional hub 8.6M 10 6.5 −4%

    Memphis, TN-MS-AR · 1.3M people · 10 Amazon buildings, 8.6M SF (CoStar) · 10 operating sites, 13.0 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 2 2.1M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 555k SF
    • Delivery station 1 183k SF
    • Same-day site 2 not in CoStar
    • Other or unresolved 4 5.4M SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 393k SF
    See the Memphis, TN metro on the map ↗
  16. Nashville, TN Regional hub 8.5M 12 4.0 +33%

    Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN · 2.2M people · 12 Amazon buildings, 8.5M SF (CoStar) · 13 operating sites, 8.2 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, non-sortable 1 1.0M SF
    • Fulfillment, other 5 1.9M SF
    • Sort center 2 246k SF
    • Delivery station 3 385k SF
    • Same-day site 1 180k SF
    • Other or unresolved 1 not in CoStar
    • Not matched / non-filing 4.8M SF
    See the Nashville, TN metro on the map ↗
  17. Los Angeles, CA Served from outside 7.8M 37 0.6 +11%

    Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA · 12.9M people · 37 Amazon buildings, 7.8M SF (CoStar) · 276k SF under construction or proposed · 48 operating sites, 1.1 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, other 1 238k SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 34k SF
    • Sort center 5 1.1M SF
    • Delivery station 20 3.2M SF
    • Same-day site 4 422k SF
    • Other or unresolved 17 not in CoStar
    • Not matched / non-filing 2.9M SF
    See the Los Angeles, CA metro on the map ↗
  18. Austin, TX Local 7.6M 16 3.0 +3%

    Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX · 2.6M people · 16 Amazon buildings, 7.6M SF (CoStar) · 472k SF under construction or proposed · 13 operating sites, 5.6 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, sortable 2 4.7M SF
    • Heavy-bulky (XL) 1 767k SF
    • Sort center 3 750k SF
    • Delivery station 4 759k SF
    • Same-day site 2 97k SF
    • Rural delivery station 1 not in CoStar
    • Not matched / non-filing 531k SF
    See the Austin, TX metro on the map ↗
  19. Boston, MA Local 7.6M 19 1.5 +133%

    Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH · 5.0M people · 19 Amazon buildings, 7.6M SF (CoStar) · 331k SF listed for sublease · 15 operating sites, 3.1 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, sortable 1 not in CoStar
    • Fulfillment, other 2 333k SF
    • Sort center 1 350k SF
    • Delivery station 10 983k SF
    • Same-day site 1 222k SF
    • Not matched / non-filing 5.7M SF
    See the Boston, MA metro on the map ↗
  20. San Diego, CA Local 7.6M 15 2.3 +22%

    San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA · 3.3M people · 15 Amazon buildings, 7.6M SF (CoStar) · 37k SF listed for sublease · 13 operating sites, 3.8 OSHA hours per resident

    • Fulfillment, sortable 1 3.4M SF
    • Sort center 4 2.0M SF
    • Delivery station 6 838k SF
    • Same-day site 1 136k SF
    • Other or unresolved 1 not in CoStar
    • Not matched / non-filing 1.2M SF
    See the San Diego, CA metro on the map ↗

Regional hub
≥ 2× the U.S. rate of 1.82 SF of Amazon space per resident: built to ship beyond its own metro.
Local
Between two-thirds and twice the U.S. rate: sized roughly to local demand.
Served from outside
Under two-thirds of the U.S. rate: much of its demand is filled from neighboring hubs.

Source: CoStar (building SF, status and sublease space). OSHA ITA CY2023 and CY2025; Amazon’s June 2025 list; Census Vintage 2024 metro estimates; 2023 CBSA delineations. Roles are Moraine’s classification.

Exhibit 4b Where Amazon’s labor hours are growing, and where they run highest TakeawayHours per resident show where Amazon runs regional hubs that serve people beyond the metro. Left: change in OSHA hours, 2023 to 2025. Right: 2025 hours per resident in the 10 metros with the most Amazon hours.

Change in Amazon OSHA hours, 2023 → 2025

  1. Boston, MA +133%
  2. Washington, DC +76%
  3. Kiryas Joel, NY +73%
  4. Harrisburg, PA +61%
  5. Lexington, KY −12%
  6. Louisville, KY −15%

Fastest- and slowest-growing named metros among the 75 metros on this page with at least 3 million Amazon OSHA hours in 2023.

2025 Amazon hours per resident, 10 metros with the most Amazon hours

  1. Riverside, CA 16.8
  2. Las Vegas, NV 12.3
  3. Phoenix, AZ 7.6
  4. Philadelphia, PA 6.7
  5. Seattle, WA 6.7
  6. Detroit, MI 6.4
  7. Dallas, TX 6.0
  8. Chicago, IL 5.8
  9. Houston, TX 3.7
  10. New York, NY 3.1

U.S. average: 4.1 hours per resident. Riverside and Las Vegas run hub-scale for their size; New York and Houston run below the national rate.

Sources: OSHA ITA CY2023 and CY2025; Census Vintage 2024 metro and national estimates; 2023 CBSA delineations. Metro names shortened to the principal city.

View data table
MetroOperating sitesShare of U.S. Amazon hoursShare of U.S. populationHours per residentHours change, 2023–25
Riverside, CA485.7%1.4%16.8+13%
New York, NY724.4%5.9%3.1+4%
Chicago, IL583.9%2.8%5.8+15%
Dallas, TX363.6%2.5%6−4%
Philadelphia, PA383%1.9%6.7+6%
Phoenix, AZ322.8%1.5%7.6+5%
Las Vegas, NV162.1%0.7%12.3−4%
Houston, TX242%2.3%3.7+8%
Detroit, MI192%1.3%6.4+10%
Seattle, WA402%1.2%6.7+47%
Boston, MA————+133%
Washington, DC————+76%
Kiryas Joel, NY————+73%
Harrisburg, PA————+61%
Lexington, KY————−12%
Louisville, KY————−15%
Exhibit 4c Share of the U.S. population within each distance of an operating Amazon last-mile site Takeaway54% of Americans live within 10 miles of an Amazon last-mile site; 7% live more than 50 miles from one. Straight-line miles from 2020 census-tract population centers to the nearest delivery station, rural station or same-day site.

54%

of Americans live within 10 miles of an operating Amazon delivery station, rural station or same-day site.

Sources: OSHA ITA CY2025 operating sites; U.S. Census Bureau 2020 tract centers of population.

View data table
DistanceShare of U.S. population
Within 5 miles27%
Within 10 miles54%
Within 20 miles74%
Within 50 miles93%
Exhibit 4d Share of operating sites within each distance of an interstate TakeawayIn most building types about three in four sites or more are within 3 miles of an interstate; rural stations and heavy-bulky buildings are the exceptions. Hover or use arrow keys to read every type at a distance.
  • Inbound cross-dock
  • Fulfillment, sortable
  • Delivery station
  • Rural delivery station
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0 mi2 mi4 mi6 mi8 mi10 mi 3 miles At 10 miles FC, sortable 96% Delivery station 94% Inbound cross-dock 93% Rural station 69%

Moraine calculation from site coordinates and the map’s simplified TIGER/Line 2024 interstate layer; straight-line miles.

View data table
TypeWithin 3 miMedian miles
Inbound cross-dock81.1%1.4
Fulfillment, sortable81.0%0.9
Fulfillment, non-sortable76.3%1.0
Fulfillment, other78.0%1.4
Heavy-bulky (XL)56.4%2.4
Sort center79.0%1.2
Delivery station76.8%1.1
Same-day site78.3%0.9
Rural delivery station53.1%2.8
Other or unresolved71.2%1.6

05 · The buildings

What does each Amazon building type look like?

Delivery stations are small buildings on big yards. The median delivery station is a 161k SF building on 19 acres covering 19% of its site; the rest is yard and parking. The median inbound cross-dock is 1.0M SF with 40-foot clear and 135 docks. Rural stations are the smallest: 69k SF on 10 acres.5,1

Fulfillment centers are the largest, and the newest are multistory. Sortable fulfillment centers built since 2021 are a median 2.8M SF over 5 stories (17 buildings), against 856k SF on one level for the 2018–20 generation (38 buildings). CoStar usually records total floor area for multistory buildings, though not always (Virginia Beach is entered near its footprint; see Exhibit 6), so per-SF ratios for these buildings are approximate.

Exhibit 5a The median building of each type, on its site TakeawayDelivery and rural stations cover 15–19% of their land, the least of any type; sort centers cover the most (33%). Medians of CoStar buildings matched to operating sites. Coverage = building footprint (SF ÷ stories) ÷ land. The lot glyph shares one scale across all cards.

Inbound

Inbound cross-dock

1M SFmedian building

Site
66 ac
Coverage
26%
Clear
40 ft
Docks
135
Built
2022
Sites
53
Network SF (CoStar)
31M in 36 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
188
Within 3 mi of interstate
81%
Amazon-owned SF
0%

Build wave 25 of 53 first filed in 2024

Role in the network

Receives vendor and import freight in bulk and releases it to fulfillment centers as they need it. An independent analyst describes a 2024 national layer of ~1M SF buildings; 25 of today’s 53 first filed with OSHA in 2024. Its median of 135 docks and 40-ft clear height tie heavy-bulky buildings for the highest of any type.

Fulfillment

Fulfillment, sortable

880k SFmedian building

Site
73 ac
Coverage
25%
Clear
36 ft
Docks
70
Built
2019
Sites
84
Network SF (CoStar)
111M in 79 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
216
Within 3 mi of interstate
81%
Amazon-owned SF
23.2%

Build wave Mostly in place before 2022

Role in the network

Stores, picks and packs small items on robotics floors: about 216 employees per 100k SF, the most labor-dense building Amazon runs. Those built since 2021 are a median 2.8M SF over 5 stories. The type’s share of Amazon hours fell from 34.7% to 32.9% from 2023 to 2025.

Fulfillment

Fulfillment, non-sortable

1.02M SFmedian building

Site
73 ac
Coverage
31%
Clear
36 ft
Docks
109
Built
2018
Sites
93
Network SF (CoStar)
81M in 84 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
87
Within 3 mi of interstate
76%
Amazon-owned SF
2.6%

Build wave In place by 2017; again 2020–21

Role in the network

Stores and ships bulky items from single-level high-bay space. It runs ~87 employees per 100k SF against 216 in sortable fulfillment centers, and its share of hours fell from 11.9% to 10%.

Fulfillment

Fulfillment, other

612k SFmedian building

Site
51 ac
Coverage
27%
Clear
34 ft
Docks
82
Built
2017
Sites
123
Network SF (CoStar)
76M in 86 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
150
Within 3 mi of interstate
78%
Amazon-owned SF
31.6%

Build wave In place by 2017; again 2020–21

Role in the network

Fulfillment site codes without a type on Amazon’s list: older and smaller (median 612k SF, built 2017). Together they log 15.9% of Amazon hours.

Fulfillment

Heavy-bulky (XL)

860k SFmedian building

Site
60 ac
Coverage
25%
Clear
40 ft
Docks
135
Built
2021
Sites
39
Network SF (CoStar)
13.6M in 18 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
42
Within 3 mi of interstate
56%
Amazon-owned SF
0%

Build wave 2020–23

Role in the network

Stores and delivers appliances and furniture. Big boxes (median 860k SF, 135 docks) with few people: ~42 employees per 100k SF, the lowest in the network. Only 56% are within 3 miles of an interstate.

Middle mile

Sort center

275k SFmedian building

Site
21 ac
Coverage
33%
Clear
32 ft
Docks
52
Built
2020
Sites
162
Network SF (CoStar)
41M in 114 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
134
Within 3 mi of interstate
79%
Amazon-owned SF
8.7%

Build wave Steady build since 2021

Role in the network

Sorts packed orders by destination and builds trailers to delivery stations. Mid-size (275k SF on 21 acres), ~134 employees per 100k SF. Share of Amazon hours rose from 5.8% to 7.5%.

Last mile

Delivery station

161k SFmedian building

Site
19 ac
Coverage
19%
Clear
32 ft
Docks
20
Built
2020
Sites
392
Network SF (CoStar)
51M in 285 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
145
Within 3 mi of interstate
77%
Amazon-owned SF
3.9%

Build wave 275 of 392 first filed in 2020–21

Role in the network

Sorts packages onto van routes. The building is small relative to its land (161k SF on 19 acres, 19% coverage) because the site is mostly van parking and staging.

Last mile

Same-day site

161k SFmedian building

Site
12 ac
Coverage
28%
Clear
30 ft
Docks
28
Built
2016
Sites
115
Network SF (CoStar)
7.2M in 43 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
41
Within 3 mi of interstate
78%
Amazon-owned SF
0%

Build wave Two waves: 2020 and 2022

Role in the network

Stores fast-moving items in dense neighborhoods and delivers the same day. Mid-size urban boxes (161k SF on 12 acres, 28% coverage), often older buildings: median year built 2016.

Last mile

Rural delivery station

69k SFmedian building

Site
10 ac
Coverage
15%
Clear
25 ft
Docks
10
Built
2011
Sites
192
Network SF (CoStar)
2.7M in 34 bldgs
Employees / 100k SF
202
Within 3 mi of interstate
53%
Amazon-owned SF
15.3%

Build wave 144 of 192 first filed in 2024–25

Role in the network

Last mile for small towns, part of a $4B program targeting more than 200 stations by the end of 2026. Small boxes (69k SF on 10 acres, 25-ft clear).

Source: CoStar. Medians of buildings matched to operating sites; clear height and docks use buildings that report them. OSHA ITA; TIGER/Line 2024 interstates. “Role in the network” draws on Amazon’s descriptions and Moraine’s reading of the data.

View data table
TypeBldgsBuilding SFClear (ft)Site acresCoverageDocksBuilt
Inbound cross-dock361,000k406626%1352022
Fulfillment, sortable79880k367325%702019
Fulfillment, non-sortable841,016k367331%1092018
Fulfillment, other86612k345127%822017
Heavy-bulky (XL)18860k406025%1352021
Sort center114275k322133%522020
Delivery station285161k321919%202020
Same-day site43161k301228%282016
Rural delivery station3469k251015%102011
Exhibit 5b Amazon’s buildings by size, vintage and pipeline TakeawayBuildings of 700k SF or more are 315 of 1,187 buildings but 65.1% of the space. Existing Amazon-occupied industrial buildings, data centers excluded, plus buildings under construction or proposed.

A few big boxes hold most of the space

  • Under 200k SF
  • 200k–700k SF
  • 700k SF and up

Buildings (1,187)

Square footage (620M SF)

The 315 buildings of 700,000 SF or more are 27% of Amazon’s buildings and 65% of its square footage.

Square footage by year built (million SF; early bins span several years)

360M SF (58%) was built in 2020 or later; 2021 alone added 105.5M SF.

Under construction
19.0M SF

19 buildings

Proposed or final planning
14.0M SF

17 buildings

Listed for sublease
1.43M SF

18 buildings; 8 of them at sites that stopped filing with OSHA

Class A
89%

of square footage · median clear height 32 ft

Source: CoStar. Sublease = sublet space CoStar lists as available; OSHA filing status from OSHA ITA.

06 · Site selection and building size

What strategy do the buildings reveal?

Moraine’s reading: the building data fit Amazon’s stated regional design. In 2023 Amazon said it had reorganized its U.S. fulfillment network into eight interconnected regions, placing inventory closer to customers and holding bulk stock upstream.10,15

  • Inbound at the gateways. Inbound cross-docks are the newest, highest-spec boxes (median 1.0M SF, 40-ft clear, 135 docks), and 16 of the 53 sit in three hub metros: Riverside (7), Phoenix (5), Stockton (4).3,1
  • Fulfillment in hubs. Among the 101 metros in this report, the 28 regional hubs hold 38% of fulfillment, heavy-bulky and inbound space but 13% of delivery-station space and 15% of the population. Stockton logs 33.3 OSHA hours per resident and Riverside 16.8, against 4.13 for the U.S.: their buildings serve people well beyond the metro.
  • Multistory fulfillment. Shreveport, Virginia Beach, Goochland and Loveland are each about 3M SF or more of floor area on four or five floors.22,23,24,25
  • More docks at the ends of the chain. Measured by the median building, sort centers have 18.9 docks per 100k SF, delivery stations 12.4 and inbound cross-docks 13.5, against 8 for sortable fulfillment centers, where goods are stored.
  • Large sites for delivery stations. Delivery stations are small buildings on large sites (19% coverage). In dense markets Amazon redevelops other uses, such as a proposed station replacing an office building in Brea, California.29
  • Small rural stations. Rural stations (69k SF on 10 acres) extend delivery into small towns under a $4 billion program.4
  • On the interstates. About 80% of sites in three of the four core building types sit within 3 miles of an interstate (no comparison set for other industrial buildings is measured here).

Of the ten buildings checked against the public record below, CoStar and the record agree on sales and owners where both exist. They disagree on what a building is: how floor area is counted (Virginia Beach, Loveland) or which type a site code implies (Shreveport, Wilmington, corrected here).

Exhibit 6. Ten buildings in the public record, checked against CoStar and OSHA
BuildingFunctionPublic recordReported areaCoStarOSHANote
Shreveport, LA22Robotics fulfillmentOperating (Aug. 2026)3M+ SF over 5 floors3,400,000 SF, 5 stories, built 2024SHV1 filed for 2025 (1,972 employees)Area ties. The site-code hint read sort center; typed here as a sortable fulfillment center from Amazon’s description.
Virginia Beach, VA (fulfillment)23Robotics fulfillmentOpened late Sept. 20253.2M SF floor area; 650k SF footprint675,000 SF, 5 stories, built 2025ORF4 filed for 2025 (1,200 employees)CoStar records about the footprint, not the floor area. Matched to ORF4 from the public record.
Virginia Beach, VA (delivery)23Delivery stationOpened 2024219,000 SF215,000 SF, 1 story, built 2024Matched to an operating delivery stationA separate building and parcel next to the fulfillment center.
Goochland County, VA (RIC6)24Robotics fulfillmentAnnounced; not yet operating3.1M SF floor area on 107 acres3,248,265 SF, 5 stories, under construction, est. 2027No OSHA filingCounted in the CoStar pipeline, not in existing space.
Loveland, CO (DEN9)25Robotics fulfillmentOpened Sept. 2026~3.5M SF reported3,850,000 SF, 4 stories, built 2023No 2025 filing (shell finished 2023)CoStar 3.85M vs ~3.5M reported. In the totals but not matched to an operating site, as expected for a site that opened after the last OSHA year.
Spokane, WA (GEG1)26Robotics fulfillmentOperating; new picking robots deployedn/a640,000 SF, 2 stories, built 2020GEG1 filed for 2025 (2,993 employees)Operating in both records.
Wilmington, MA27Same-day (per JLL)Sold Apr. 2026237,880 SF; 36 ft clear237,880 SF, 1 story, built 2025Nearby EPA record onlySale ties exactly: $100.39M, a Fidelity affiliate as buyer. The site-code hint read sort center; typed here as same-day from the sale release.
Hebron, KY (CVG air hub)13,28Air hubOperating (Aug. 2026)800k SF sort building; 600-acre campusNot in the CoStar industrial setNot in OSHA data under a hub codeShown in the network table from Amazon’s own figures.
Brea, CA29Delivery station (proposed)Building-permit review (Sept. 2026)181,500 SF replacing a 637,503 SF officeNot in the CoStar setNo filingInfill: an office site proposed for last-mile redevelopment.
Reno, NV (RNO4)30,11Fulfillment, non-sortableClosed Aug. 2, 2025 (WARN)n/a624,000 SF, 1 story, built 2015Filed for 2025 at 20% of peak hours“Operating” in this report means “filed for 2025”, so a site that closed mid-2025 still counts. The closures log records a new occupant announced Aug. 2026.

Sources: as cited; CoStar (Source: CoStar); OSHA ITA CY2025. Buildings named by city only; no street addresses.

07 · Who owns it

Who owns Amazon’s warehouses?

CoStar records Amazon as owner of 13.9% of the space it occupies (69 buildings, 86.1M SF), an upper bound (see How big); third parties own the rest. The 10 largest third-party owners hold 28.7%; Prologis is the largest with 97 buildings and 50.8M SF (8.2%), followed by Affinius Capital (24.2M SF), Blackstone and Link (18.4M SF), Preylock (15.6M SF).5

By that record Amazon owns the big buildings: 18.4% of its fulfillment and heavy-bulky space but 3.9% of its last-mile space, and its owned buildings have a median of 675k SF against 278k SF for the rest. Landlords report their Amazon exposure on their own bases. Prologis reports 50.0M SF leased to Amazon across its global owned and managed portfolio, less than the 50.8M SF of U.S. buildings CoStar shows with Prologis as owner and Amazon as a tenant, consistent with CoStar counting multi-tenant buildings in full.18,20,21

Exhibit 7a Amazon’s landlords, and what Amazon owns itself TakeawayCoStar records Amazon as owner of 23% of its sortable fulfillment space and 4% of its delivery-station space, and of none of its inbound cross-dock, heavy-bulky or same-day space. CoStar true owner by Amazon-occupied SF; owner type; Amazon-owned share of each type.

The 10 largest landlords to Amazon, by Amazon-occupied SF

  1. Prologis 50.8M SF
  2. Affinius Capital 24.2M SF
  3. Blackstone and Link 18.4M SF
  4. Preylock 15.6M SF
  5. Hillwood 15.2M SF
  6. Fortress Investment Group 14.8M SF
  7. EQT Real Estate 11.6M SF
  8. Clarion Partners 11M SF
  9. ILPT 8.6M SF
  10. Ares Management 7.8M SF

CoStar true owner; spelling variants merged and Link Logistics counted with Blackstone. Together 28.7% of all Amazon SF. 93.9% of buildings report an owner.

Share of Amazon SF by owner type

  1. Amazon 13.9%
  2. Listed REIT 12.7%
  3. Institutional investor 32.8%
  4. Developer or operator 19.1%
  5. Private or other 13.3%
  6. Public agency 2.5%
  7. Not reported 5.7%

Owner type is Moraine’s classification of the CoStar true owner.

Amazon-owned share of SF, by tier

  1. Fulfillment, other 31.6%
  2. Fulfillment, sortable 23.2%
  3. Rural delivery station 15.3%
  4. Other or unresolved 13.9%
  5. Sort center 8.7%
  6. Delivery station 3.9%
  7. Fulfillment, non-sortable 2.6%
  8. Inbound cross-dock 0%
  9. Heavy-bulky (XL) 0%
  10. Same-day site 0%

Operating-site tiers with at least 10 buildings. Median Amazon-owned building 675k SF against 278k SF for the rest.

Source: CoStar. Owner names as CoStar reports them, spelling variants merged; owner type is Moraine’s classification.

View data table
OwnerTypeBuildingsSFShare of Amazon SF
AmazonAmazon6986.1M13.9%
Prologis, Inc.Listed REIT9750.8M8.2%
Affinius Capital LLCInstitutional investor3824.2M3.9%
Blackstone (incl. Link Logistics)Institutional investor4218.4M3%
PreylockInstitutional investor1615.6M2.5%
Hillwood Development CorporationDeveloper or operator815.2M2.5%
Fortress Investment GroupInstitutional investor1614.8M2.4%
EQT Real EstateInstitutional investor3111.6M1.9%
Clarion PartnersInstitutional investor1911M1.8%
Industrial Logistics Properties TrustListed REIT138.6M1.4%
Ares Management CorporationInstitutional investor227.8M1.3%
Exhibit 7b. What landlords disclose about Amazon, beside CoStar’s count
LandlordAs ofDisclosedBasisCoStar, U.S. buildings
Prologis (owned and managed)18June 30, 202650.0M SF; 5.5% of net effective rentGlobal portfolio, including managed funds97 U.S. buildings, 50.8M SF (20 multi-tenant)
Prologis (consolidated)19Dec. 31, 202535M SF; 6.3% of net effective rentConsolidated portfolio (owned and managed that date: 48M SF, 5.3%)—
STAG Industrial20June 30, 20267 leases; 2.7% of annualized base rentLeases, not necessarily buildings8 buildings, 3.2M SF (2 multi-tenant)
LXP Industrial Trust21Dec. 31, 20255 leases; 3.42M SF; 6.5% of annualized base rentTenant table groups tenant, guarantor or parent6 buildings, 3.9M SF

Sources: company filings as cited; CoStar building counts are true-owner name matches (Source: CoStar). Net effective rent and annualized base rent are different measures, so the percentages do not compare across landlords.

08 · Recorded sales

What have Amazon-occupied buildings sold for?

CoStar records 390 single-building sales of buildings Amazon occupies today, each on or after the year built, at a median $127/SF (middle half $82–238).5 Prices follow the building type: delivery stations and sort centers, smaller buildings on large sites, have the highest medians per SF. These are recorded prices; whether Amazon was the tenant at the date of sale is not recorded, and CoStar does not report the income behind them. One recent sale, checked against the public record: Wilmington, Massachusetts, 237,880 SF for $100.4M ($422/SF) in April 2026.27

Exhibit 8. Recorded sales of Amazon-occupied buildings by type
TypeSalesMedian $/SFMiddle halfMedian sold building
Inbound cross-dock13$112$104–140629k SF
Fulfillment, sortable14$121$112–131857k SF
Fulfillment, non-sortable28$103$80–1271,013k SF
Fulfillment, other40$105$80–159587k SF
Sort center34$144$92–189262k SF
Delivery station138$221$108–340150k SF
Same-day site24$124$88–218147k SF
Rural delivery station12$87$62–13692k SF
Other or unresolved21$94$57–162400k SF

Source: CoStar. Single-building sales on or after the year built, $20/SF or more, multi-building trades excluded; medians where there are 10 or more sales. Type from the matched OSHA site, or a nearby site’s type.

09 · Closures and sublease listings

Where has Amazon closed sites or listed space?

47 closures, move-outs and sublease listings of existing space since 2022, mostly delivery stations in big metros. 15 were sublease listings, 29 closures announced through WARN notices, press or Amazon, 2 move-outs and 1 lease terminated before occupancy.11 79% were in the 35 metros of 2 million or more people, which hold 56% of operating sites, and 62% were delivery stations.11,1,8 Published sizes total at least 5.4M SF, under 1% of the 620M SF in this report. A closure records the end of operations; the lease terms behind it are rarely public.

Exhibit 9 47 Amazon closures, move-outs and sublease listings of existing space, 2022 to 2026 TakeawayThe log comes from press and WARN notices, which cover big metros better than small ones. By year and building type, against the operating network.

Closures and sublease listings, by year announced

  • Delivery station
  • Other building types
0 8 16 24 22 2022 11 2023 10 2024 3 2025 1 2026

Events vs. the operating network

  • Share of 47 events
  • Share of 1,399 operating sites
  1. In the 35 metros of 2M+ people 79% 56%
  2. In California 21% 13%
  3. Delivery stations 62% 28%

Sources: Moraine log of public press, WARN, broker and county sources (at least 5.4 million SF of publicly reported space); OSHA ITA; Census Vintage 2024 metro estimates.

View data table
Event typeEvents
Sublease listings (Amazon still the tenant when listed)15
Closures announced (WARN, press or Amazon)29
Moved out2
Lease terminated before occupancy1

Method

How we built the dataset

Buildings (CoStar)

Three CoStar exports of Amazon-occupied industrial buildings overlap at exactly 200,000 SF; deduped on PropertyID to 1,293 properties. Excluding 68 data centers and 2 abandoned buildings leaves 1,187 existing buildings (619.5M SF) and 36 under construction or proposed. Square footage counts each building in full, including multi-tenant buildings. Area is CoStar RBA, which mixes floor-area and footprint conventions in multistory buildings.5,9,8

Operations (OSHA)

Sites are Amazon facility records from OSHA Form 300A filings, EPA’s facility registry and Amazon’s June 2025 list. A site is “operating” if it filed for CY2025, which a site that closed during 2025 may have done.1,16,2 Type comes from Amazon’s list where it gives one and otherwise from the site-code prefix, a hint rather than a filed designation. Hours are a labor footprint, not a space footprint.

Matching

Each building is matched to at most one OSHA site: geocoded within 1.6 km, else ZIP, with size as the tie-break; extra campus buildings stay separate. A last-mile site (delivery station, rural station or same-day site) is never matched to a building over 400,000 SF; such buildings, usually a fulfillment center sharing a campus with a station, stay unmatched rather than inherit the station’s type. Three corrections come from public sources: Shreveport (SHV1) is typed as a sortable fulfillment center and Wilmington, Massachusetts (SRH2) as a same-day site, against their site-code hints, and the Virginia Beach fulfillment center is matched to ORF4.22,27,23

Owners and sales

Owners are CoStar true owners with spelling variants merged; owner type is Moraine’s classification. Sales are CoStar last sales on or after the year built, $20/SF or more, excluding multi-building trades. Landlord disclosures are quoted from the filings on their own basis.

Geography and events

Metros use 2023 county delineations and Vintage 2024 population; interstates use TIGER 2024 primary roads; distances are straight-line.9,6,8,7,14 Closures and sublease listings come from the Moraine log of public press, WARN, broker and county sources.11

Attribution and limits

All building, owner and sale data: Source: CoStar. No street addresses or personal contact data are published. Map positions are building footprints from Overture Maps Foundation data (including OpenStreetMap contributors) or geocoded addresses. Strategy readings are labeled as Moraine’s. Lease terms are not public for most buildings and are not estimated here. Nothing here is investment advice.

FAQ

Questions about Amazon’s logistics real estate

How much warehouse space does Amazon have in the U.S.?

CoStar records 620 million SF of Amazon-occupied industrial space in 1,187 existing U.S. buildings (data centers excluded) as of Sept. 30, 2026, plus 33 million SF in 36 buildings under construction or proposed. Source: CoStar. Amazon’s 2025 10-K reports 474.1 million SF leased and 45.8 million SF owned in North America for “fulfillment, data centers, and other”, a different perimeter.

How many logistics sites does Amazon operate in the U.S.?

1,399 Amazon sites filed OSHA injury summaries for 2025, including 53 inbound cross-docks, 162 sort centers, 392 delivery stations, 192 rural delivery stations and 115 same-day sites, plus four fulfillment and heavy-bulky tiers with 339 sites.

Who owns Amazon’s warehouses?

CoStar records Amazon as owner of 13.9% of the space it occupies (69 buildings), an upper bound: that is 1.9× the 45.8M SF Amazon reports owning in North America in its 10-K. By CoStar true owner the largest landlords are Prologis (50.8M SF), Affinius Capital (24.2M SF), Blackstone and Link (18.4M SF), Preylock (15.6M SF), Hillwood (15.2M SF); the 10 largest hold 28.7%. Prologis itself discloses 50.0 million SF leased to Amazon across its global owned and managed portfolio (June 30, 2026).

How big is a typical Amazon delivery station?

For CoStar buildings matched to operating sites, the median delivery station is 161,000 SF on 19 acres with a 32-foot clear height and the building covering 19% of the site. The median sortable fulfillment center is 880,000 SF on 73 acres.

Where does Amazon put its warehouses?

Fulfillment and inbound space concentrates in hub markets such as Riverside–San Bernardino and Phoenix; big coastal cities are served mostly by last-mile buildings. 54% of Americans live within 10 miles of an operating Amazon last-mile site, and most core building types sit within 3 miles of an interstate.

Which metros have the most Amazon warehouse space?

By CoStar building square footage: Riverside (31.1 million SF), New York (26.6 million SF), Dallas (26.1 million SF), Chicago (22.5 million SF), Phoenix (19.9 million SF).

When did Amazon build its warehouses?

58% of Amazon-occupied space was built in 2020 or later. Each building type came in its own wave: most delivery stations first filed with OSHA in 2020–21, many inbound cross-docks in 2024 and most rural stations in 2024–25.

Where does the data come from?

Buildings, owners and recorded sales come from CoStar property data (Source: CoStar). Operations come from OSHA Form 300A filings, Amazon’s June 2025 facility list and EPA’s facility registry. Geography uses Census files; closures and sublease listings come from public press, WARN and broker sources; company figures from Amazon’s 10-K and landlord filings.

Sources

Sources

  1. 1. OSHA Injury Tracking Application establishment files (Form 300A), CY2016–CY2025, as compiled in the Moraine facility dataset (2,290 records plus 9 raw-file additions). osha.gov
  2. 2. Amazon, “FC Operating Times – US” facility list (site code, address and network type), updated June 20, 2025. images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com
  3. 3. On the Seams, “A Brief Primer on Amazon’s Inbound Network,” 2025. Independent analyst newsletter. ontheseams.substack.com
  4. 4. Amazon, “Amazon’s investing $4B to expand its rural delivery network,” April 30, 2025. aboutamazon.com
  5. 5. CoStar. costar.com
  6. 6. U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census centers of population by census tract. census.gov
  7. 7. U.S. Census Bureau, TIGER/Line 2024 primary roads (route type I, Interstate). www2.census.gov
  8. 8. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, Vintage 2024. www2.census.gov
  9. 9. U.S. Census Bureau / OMB, July 2023 CBSA delineation file and 2023 cartographic boundary county file. census.gov
  10. 10. Andy Jassy, 2022 Letter to Shareholders, Amazon.com, Inc., April 13, 2023 (eight interconnected U.S. regions). aboutamazon.com
  11. 11. Moraine Research, Amazon U.S. industrial sublease, vacate and closure log (first published with the sixth edition, updated): 104 events announced 2022 to Sept. 30, 2026, 47 of them closures, move-outs or sublease listings of existing space, each with its own public sources.
  12. 12. Amazon, “Amazon facilities and warehouses,” accessed Sept. 2026. aboutamazon.com
  13. 13. Amazon, “Amazon Air Launches State-of-the-Art Air Cargo Hub in Northern Kentucky,” Aug. 11, 2021; CNBC, Aug. 11, 2021. press.aboutamazon.com
  14. 14. OurAirports open data, airports.csv (U.S. large airports), accessed Sept. 30, 2026. ourairports.com
  15. 15. Andy Jassy, 2023 Letter to Shareholders, Amazon.com, Inc., April 11, 2024 (regional inventory placement; upstream storage). aboutamazon.com
  16. 16. U.S. EPA Facility Registry Service and ECHO, Amazon registrants, accessed September 2026. epa.gov
  17. 17. Amazon.com, Inc., 2025 Form 10-K, Item 2, Properties (square footage by segment and use, Dec. 31, 2025). sec.gov
  18. 18. Prologis, Q2 2026 supplemental, customer information (owned and managed portfolio), issued July 16, 2026. ir.prologis.com
  19. 19. Prologis, 2025 Form 10-K, top customers (consolidated and owned-and-managed). ir.prologis.com
  20. 20. STAG Industrial, Q2 2026 Form 10-Q, top tenants, filed July 28, 2026. sec.gov
  21. 21. LXP Industrial Trust, 2025 Form 10-K, top tenants or guarantors. sec.gov
  22. 22. Amazon, robotics fulfillment center in Shreveport, Oct. 9, 2024; Louisiana investment update, Aug. 18, 2026. aboutamazon.com
  23. 23. Virginia Business, “Amazon opens Virginia Beach fulfillment center,” Nov. 4, 2025. virginiabusiness.com
  24. 24. Goochland County, weekly announcement on the RIC6 robotics facility, May 16, 2025. goochlandva.us
  25. 25. North Forty News, Loveland fulfillment center opening, Sept. 7, 2026; Construction Review, Loveland facility details, Sept. 2026. northfortynews.com
  26. 26. Amazon, “Vulcan” picking robot at the Spokane fulfillment center, May 7, 2025 (updated June 2026). aboutamazon.com
  27. 27. CoStar News, “Fidelity buys Boston-area Amazon distribution facility,” May 7, 2026; JLL sale announcement, Apr. 29, 2026. costar.com
  28. 28. Amazon, five-year milestone at the Amazon Air Hub, Aug. 5, 2026. press.aboutamazon.com
  29. 29. City of Brea, Planning Update: projects in process, Sept. 14, 2026, p. 50. cityofbrea.gov
  30. 30. Nevada DETR, Amazon WARN notice for RNO4, June 2, 2025. detr.nv.gov
  31. 31. Amazon, “Faster delivery in 2024” (same-day sites and regional inventory), Jan. 30, 2024. aboutamazon.com
How to cite: Axelrod, J. (2026). How Amazon builds its U.S. logistics network (ninth edition). Moraine Research. https://morainecre.com/resources/research/amazon-logistics-network-map
Moraine is not affiliated with or endorsed by Amazon.

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